Common eye conditions

Diabetes

Diabetes can have a significant impact on the eyes, leading to several eye conditions and vision problems. The relationship between diabetes and the eyes is primarily due to the effects of high blood sugar levels on the blood vessels and the delicate tissues of the eye. There are several eye conditions associated with diabetes, including:

  • Diabetic Retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy is a common and potentially sight-threatening eye condition that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the small blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Diabetic retinopathy can progress through two main stages:
  • Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): In the early stage, blood vessels in the retina weaken, leak fluid, and cause swelling (edema) or the formation of fatty deposits. This can lead to blurred or distorted vision.
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR): In the advanced stage, new abnormal blood vessels grow on the retina and can lead to bleeding inside the eye, causing severe vision loss.
  • Diabetic Macular Edema (DME): DME is a complication of diabetic retinopathy where fluid accumulates in the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. This condition can result in central vision loss.
  • Cataracts: People with diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts, which cloud the eye's natural lens and can lead to blurred or distorted vision. Cataracts may progress more quickly in individuals with diabetes.
  • Glaucoma: Diabetes increases the risk of developing glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can result in peripheral vision loss and, eventually, blindness if left untreated.

To minimize the impact of diabetes on the eyes, individuals with diabetes should:

  • Maintain good control of blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol through proper management and regular medical check-ups.
  • Undergo regular eye examinations. Early detection and timely treatment of diabetic eye conditions can help prevent or slow down vision loss.
  • Manage other diabetes-related health conditions, as overall health plays a crucial role in eye health.
  • Follow a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking to reduce the risk of diabetes-related eye problems.

It's important to work closely with healthcare professionals to manage diabetes effectively and protect your vision. Regular eye examinations are a critical part of this process, as they can detect potential eye issues at an early stage, allowing for timely intervention and preserving vision.

Common questions about diabetic retinopathy

What triggers diabetic retinopathy?

Persistently raised blood glucose damages the small blood vessels supplying the retina. They leak, close off, and in later stages the retina grows fragile new vessels that bleed. Duration of diabetes matters as much as control — the longer you have had it, the higher the likelihood of some retinopathy. Blood pressure, cholesterol, kidney function, smoking and pregnancy all influence the risk.

What happens when you have diabetic retinopathy?

Early on, nothing you can feel. That is the difficulty — damage accumulates silently and vision is usually the last thing to change. When symptoms do arrive they include blurring that fluctuates, floaters or dark streaks from a bleed, and difficulty reading. Diabetic macular oedema, where fluid collects at the centre of the retina, is the most common reason vision drops.

Can vision be restored after diabetic retinopathy?

Partly, sometimes. Injections for macular oedema and laser for proliferative disease can recover some vision and, more reliably, prevent further loss. Vision lost to established scarring or long-standing damage does not come back. Realistically, treatment protects what remains — which is why screening before symptoms is the part that changes outcomes.

Can diabetic retinopathy be reversed?

Early changes can improve with sustained improvement in glucose and blood pressure control, and that is well worth pursuing. Established damage does not reverse. One thing worth knowing: a rapid drop in HbA1c can cause a temporary worsening of retinopathy before it improves, so tell us if your control has changed quickly.

How often should I have my eyes checked?

In New Zealand, people with diabetes are enrolled in a free regional retinal screening programme, usually every two years and more often where changes are present. That programme is for retinopathy specifically — it is not a full eye examination and does not check your prescription, eye pressure, or the front of the eye. Diabetes also raises the risk of glaucoma, cataract and dry eye, so a full examination alongside screening is worthwhile.

Diabetic eye assessment in Hamilton

Book a full eye examination (new patients) or an existing patient examination. If you notice new floaters, a sudden blur or a dark area in your vision, phone 07 847 3195 the same day rather than booking online.

Rose Optometry, 38 Lake Road, Frankton, Hamilton. 07 847 3195

Reviewed by Jagrut Lallu — BOptom (Hons), MSc Specialty Lenses (Hons), FIAOMC. Therapeutic Optometrist & Contact Lens Specialist, Partner, Rose Optometry. Last reviewed August 2026.

This page is general information, not individual clinical advice. Please book an examination so we can advise on your eyes.

Frequently asked questions

How much does it cost to see an optometrist in Hamilton?

At Rose, a standard adult eye examination is $129. A new patient appointment takes 45 minutes, and imaging and a full pre-examination workup are included in that price rather than added afterwards. Children and school students are $79, tertiary students $99, and an acute appointment for a sudden problem — a red eye, a foreign body, a sudden change in vision — is $69. Where further testing is needed it is quoted before it is done: visual fields $69, macular OCT $69, full OCT $194, anterior segment OCT $39, corneal topography $59, optical biometry $49, cycloplegic refraction $59. Specialist appointments are priced separately. A keratoconus consultation is $139 for 30 minutes or $169 for 45. An ortho-k consultation is $129. A full dry eye evaluation, which produces a written treatment plan, is $247 — it assumes a current full eye examination, either with us ($129) or a full examination record from another practice within the last six months. Fees elsewhere in New Zealand vary widely, and a lower advertised price usually means a shorter appointment with imaging charged as an extra or not offered at all. It is worth comparing what is included rather than the headline number. Ring us on 07 847 3195 if you want the fee for your situation confirmed before you book.

Who is the best optometrist in Hamilton?

No practice can honestly claim that, and you should be wary of any that does — "best" depends entirely on what your eyes need. If your eyes are straightforward, several good practices in Hamilton will look after you well, and we would rather say that than pretend otherwise. What separates practices is what they can measure, and what they can treat when things are not straightforward. Rose was built around the complicated end. The Rose K lens for keratoconus was designed in this practice, and lenses of that family are, on the manufacturer's figures, among the most widely prescribed in the world for the irregular cornea. We hold swept-source OCT, corneal tomography, epithelial thickness mapping, two independent optical biometers for monitoring a child's short-sightedness, and objective tear film assessment. For dry eye we hold intense regulated pulsed light, LipiFlow, Blephasteam, Tixel and Rexon-Eye — to the best of our knowledge no other practice in New Zealand has all of these under one roof. A better question than "who is best" is "who is set up for what I have". Ask any practice you are considering how long the appointment is, what they can measure, and whether imaging is included or extra. Those answers will tell you more than a ranking would.

Can I get a free or subsidised eye test in New Zealand?

Not usually as a full examination, but there are genuinely free and subsidised pathways worth knowing about. Pre-school children are screened free through the B4 School Check, and there is vision screening in schools. Both are screenings rather than eye examinations — they are designed to catch obvious reduced vision and they miss a great deal, including focusing problems and early short-sightedness. A child who passes a screening can still need glasses. Children under 16 whose family holds a Community Services Card, or who hold a current High Use Health Card, may be eligible for the government spectacle subsidy towards an examination and glasses. MSD criteria apply, and we accept MSD and WINZ payment cards. Southern Cross members can use their optical benefits with us, and we offer Afterpay, Genoapay, QCard and GoCardless. We also run two free 15-minute chats. The myopia chat is for parents of a short-sighted child who want the options explained and want help deciding what is actually right for their family, with our experience behind that decision rather than a brochure. The ortho-k chat is for anyone considering overnight lenses who wants to understand what is involved before committing. Neither is an eye examination, but both are a proper conversation with someone who does this work. If cost is the reason you have been putting off having your eyes checked, ring us on 07 847 3195 and say so. We would rather find a way than have you not come.

What payment options do you have?

While payment is generally required on the day of appointment, we do offer a number of payment options including Afterpay, Genoapay, QCard, and GoCardless.

Are you open on public holidays?

No. We are closed on public holidays and long weekends as we believe our staff should have the chance to enjoy this time with friends and family.

How do I know if Rose is the right practice for me?

If your eyes are straightforward, almost any good optometrist can look after you well, and we would rather say that than pretend otherwise. Come to us when something is not straightforward: a prescription that will not settle, a cornea that has changed shape, a child whose short-sightedness is moving faster than it should, an eye surface that has stopped being comfortable, or a diagnosis you have been given but do not understand. Those problems are decided by measurement, and measuring them properly needs instruments most practices do not have.

I have been somewhere else and I still do not know what is going on. Should I come for a second opinion?

Yes, and you do not need to justify it. A second opinion is not a criticism of whoever saw you first — very often they were right, and what you actually needed was the finding explained and the numbers put in front of you. What we can add is measurement. We can image the layers of your cornea and retina, map the epithelium, quantify how far your cornea sits from normal, measure the length of your eye and check your tear film objectively. That turns “something is not right” into a number, and a number either explains the problem or rules it out. Bring any previous scans, prescriptions and letters. Comparison against your own past results is often the most valuable thing in the room.

My case is complicated. Will you take it on?

Usually. Complex is what this practice was built around — keratoconus, corneal grafts, irregular corneas after surgery or injury, severe dry eye, high prescriptions, and eyes that have been told they are not fittable with contact lenses. The Rose K lens for keratoconus was designed in this practice, and lenses of that family are, on the manufacturer's figures, among the most widely prescribed in the world for the irregular cornea. If we cannot help, we will tell you at the first appointment and tell you who can, rather than taking you through a course of treatment that was never going to work.

My child's short-sightedness is getting worse and I have been told to wait and see. Is that right?

Waiting is the one thing that cannot be undone. Short-sightedness is axial — the eye is physically growing too long — and that length does not come back. What treatment does is slow the rate of growth, so the earlier it starts the more length is saved. We measure axial length directly on two independent biometers and plot it against normal growth curves, which means we can see a child drifting off their expected curve before the prescription changes. There is a free 15-minute myopia chat if you want to understand the options before committing to anything. It is worth being precise about what we are all trying to achieve. Myopia control does not stop a child's eyes changing and no practice should tell a parent it will. What it does, reliably and across many published trials, is slow the rate at which the eye lengthens — and because the risk of retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy and glaucoma in later life rises with every extra millimetre, slowing that growth is how a child is kept out of the range where sight is genuinely at risk. After seventeen years of focusing on this, we are now seeing children on customised plans whose axial length is not progressing at all over a monitoring period, and in some cases measurements that come back slightly shorter than the ones before them. That is our own clinical observation in our own patients rather than a trial result, and it has to be read carefully, because the choroid thickens when treatment is working and part of an apparent reduction can be that thickening rather than the eye itself shortening. That is precisely why we measure both. We are not yet able to tell a parent that we can stop myopia in its tracks, and we will not say it until we can.

I have dry eye and nothing has worked. What is different here?

Two things: we measure it before treating it, and we hold every current treatment technology in one building. Most dry eye is treated on the basis of symptoms, which is why drops so often fail. A tear film can be failing because the oil layer is blocked, because the water layer is short, because the surface is inflamed, or because the lids are the problem, and those need different treatments. We assess the tear film objectively with TearCheck — tear film stability, the oil layer, lid and gland imaging, and an inflammation measure — and measure tear osmolarity, the saltiness of the tears, which is the closest thing to a laboratory number for dry eye. Then we treat the cause. Rose holds intense regulated pulsed light for inflammation and gland function, LipiFlow thermal pulsation to clear blocked meibomian glands from the inner lid surface, Blephasteam controlled-humidity warming, Tixel thermomechanical treatment for the lids, and Rexon-Eye quantum molecular resonance for the more severe and treatment-resistant cases. At the time of writing, and to the best of our knowledge, no other optometrist or ophthalmologist in New Zealand has all of these available under one roof. We say that as a statement of fact rather than a boast, and we would be glad for it to stop being true. Dry eye is one of the most common and most under-treated conditions we see, and there are far more people living with it than one practice can look after. Any practice wanting to build this kind of service has our encouragement and our help — please contact us for co-management, and send us the cases you are not yet set up for. Why holding all of them matters is simple. A practice with one dry eye machine will offer you that machine. Holding all of them means the assessment decides the treatment, rather than the equipment deciding it — and when the first approach does not work, the next one is in the next room rather than in another city.

Do you see very young children?

Yes — from around six weeks of age. Babies and toddlers are tested with Cardiff acuity cards and retinoscopy, neither of which needs the child to read a letter, name a picture or say a word. Most of the findings that matter in a young child cause no symptoms and are invisible to a parent, which is exactly why they need looking for.

What does an optometrist do?

In NZ an optometrist can calculate the prescription for glasses, fit contact lenses, diagnose and treat eye conditions and infections with medication. They can also manage ocular injuries including removing foreign objects. If surgery or specialist treatment is required they can refer to an ophthalmologist (eye surgeon), hospital, or other health care specialist. NZ-trained optometrists must complete a 5-year degree at the University of Auckland before becoming registered.

What is a dispensing optician (sometimes called a “dispenser”)?

A dispensing optician has formal training in optical dispensing. They are qualified to help a client choose frames, read a prescription, discuss lens options, take measurements, order and fit glasses.

What is an ophthalmologist?

An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who has specialised in the treatment of serious eye disease and ocular surgery such as cataract removal. They do not typically prescribe glasses or contact lenses.

Is a cheap eye test the same as a full eye examination?

Not always, and the difference is usually time and instruments rather than the optometrist. A low advertised fee generally buys a shorter appointment aimed at producing a spectacle prescription. That is a legitimate service and for many people it is enough. What it often does not include is retinal imaging, OCT scanning of the optic nerve and macula, measurement of eye length, or objective assessment of the tear film — the tests that find glaucoma before you notice it, detect macular change early, monitor a child's short-sightedness properly, or explain why your eyes feel gritty. At Rose a new patient appointment is 45 minutes, and imaging and the full pre-examination workup sit inside the $129 rather than on top of it. We are not the cheapest and do not try to be. Whichever practice you choose, three questions are worth asking: how long is the appointment, is imaging included or charged separately, and what happens to the images afterwards. A scan that is taken and kept becomes the baseline every future scan is compared against, and that comparison is frequently worth more than any single result.

Should I see an optometrist or an ophthalmologist?

Start with an optometrist in almost every case. An optometrist is your first point of contact for eye health and vision — examining the eyes, prescribing glasses and contact lenses, diagnosing eye disease, and in New Zealand treating many conditions with prescription medicines. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor and eye surgeon who treats serious disease and performs surgery such as cataract removal, and who does not usually prescribe glasses or contact lenses. Neither is better than the other; they do different jobs. Most eye problems are diagnosed and managed by an optometrist, and where surgery or specialist medical treatment is needed we refer you promptly and stay involved in your care. The exception is anything sudden and severe: sudden loss of vision, a curtain across your vision, severe eye pain with a red eye, or a shower of new floaters and flashes. Phone us on 07 847 3195 rather than booking online — a person, not a calendar, decides how quickly you are seen — or go to hospital.

Which parts of Hamilton and the Waikato do your patients come from?

We are at 38 Lake Road in Frankton, with parking on site, a few minutes from the city centre and straightforward to reach from the western side of Hamilton. Our patients come from right across the city — Frankton, Dinsdale, Nawton, Te Rapa, Glenview, Hamilton East, Hillcrest, Chartwell, Rototuna and the central city — and from across the wider Waikato, including Cambridge, Te Awamutu, Morrinsville, Matamata, Huntly, Ngaruawahia, Otorohanga and Raglan. Because much of what we do is specialist work, a good number travel considerably further. We regularly see patients from Auckland, Tauranga, Rotorua, Taupo, Taranaki and the lower North Island for keratoconus, scleral and custom contact lens fitting, and complex dry eye — and we see patients from overseas who combine treatment with a trip. If you are travelling a distance, tell us when you book and we will group your appointments so the journey is worth making.

What does the $129 eye examination include?

Forty-five minutes for a new patient, and the appointment is built so the measuring is done before you sit down with the optometrist. A full pre-examination workup and imaging are included in the fee rather than charged on top: assessment of your vision and prescription, examination of the front and back of the eye, eye pressure, and retinal imaging that becomes your permanent baseline. You will leave knowing what we found, what it means, and what — if anything — needs doing. If the honest answer is that nothing needs doing, that is what you will hear. If something needs watching or treating, you get a clear plan and a review date. Where a specific problem needs a specific test — visual fields, OCT, corneal topography, eye length measurement — those are quoted to you before they are done, never added afterwards without your agreement. Existing patients returning for a routine examination are booked for 30 minutes. Please arrive ten minutes early, and bring your current glasses or contact lenses, any recent prescription or referral letter, and a note of the medications you take, because some affect the eyes.

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