Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a chronic eye condition that affects the macula, which is a small, specialized area in the central part of the retina at the back of the eye. The macula is responsible for central vision and allows us to see fine details and perceive color. AMD is a leading cause of vision loss among older adults.
There are two main types of macular degeneration:
- Dry AMD (Non-Neovascular AMD): In this more common form, there is a gradual deterioration of the macular cells over time. Small yellow deposits called drusen may accumulate in the macula, and these can lead to the thinning and atrophy of the macular tissue. Dry AMD typically progresses slowly and may cause gradual central vision loss. It is usually less severe than wet AMD.
- Wet AMD (Neovascular AMD): Wet AMD is less common but more aggressive. It involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula. These vessels can leak blood and fluid, causing rapid and severe damage to the macula. This often results in more sudden and pronounced central vision loss.
The exact cause of macular degeneration is not fully understood, but it is primarily associated with aging. Other risk factors for AMD include genetics, smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, and a family history of the condition.
The symptoms of macular degeneration may include:
- Blurred or distorted central vision
- Dark or empty spots in the central vision
- Difficulty reading, recognizing faces, or performing tasks that require detailed vision
There is no cure for AMD, but there are treatments available, particularly for wet AMD. These treatments may include injections of anti-VEGF drugs to slow the growth of abnormal blood vessels, and in some cases, laser therapy. For dry AMD, certain dietary supplements may be recommended.
Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of macular degeneration. If you or someone you know is at risk for AMD or experiences changes in central vision, contact our team for a comprehensive eye examination and expert guidance.
Learn more about Macular Degeneration here.
Optometrists for macular degeneration at Rose Optometry
You will be seen by one of seven therapeutically qualified optometrists — all University of Auckland graduates, all able to prescribe eye medication where it is needed, and all of whom examine patients from six weeks of age.
- Jagrut Lallu — Partner Optometrist · BOptom (Hons), MSc Specialty Lenses (Hons), FIAOMC. Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: children's vision, myopia management, orthokeratology, keratoconus and scleral lenses, dry eye.
- Jacqueline Rowe — Partner Optometrist · BSc, BOptom. Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction, orthokeratology, keratoconus, children's vision.
- Emilie Lawson — BOptom (Hons) · Accredited Glaucoma Prescriber · ACO Certificate in Advanced Contact Lenses. Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: children's vision, myopia management, orthokeratology, glaucoma, keratoconus, dry eye.
- Jason Shen — BOptom (Hons). Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: keratoconus and specialty contact lenses, children's vision.
- Jessica Wood — BOptom (Hons) · Clinical Research Optometrist, New Zealand Eye Research Centre. Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: orthokeratology, keratoconus, dry eye, children's vision, clinical research.
- Stella Wong — BOptom (Hons). Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: myopia management, orthokeratology, keratoconus and specialty contact lenses, binocular vision, dry eye, children's vision.
- Anjali Hira — BOptom (Hons). Assesses and monitors macular degeneration with OCT and retinal imaging. Special interests: children's vision, orthokeratology, keratoconus, dry eye.
Frequently asked questions about macular degeneration
What are the very first signs of macular degeneration?
Straight lines beginning to look bent or wavy — a door frame, a window sill, the lines on a page. Then difficulty reading in dim light, needing more light than you used to, colours looking washed out, and a blurred or empty patch in the very centre of vision. Peripheral vision is not affected, which is why people often adapt for a long time without realising. Sudden distortion or a sudden central blur needs same-week attention, not a wait.
What can help with macular degeneration?
For the wet form, injections into the eye are the standard treatment and can preserve vision — the earlier they start, the more there is to preserve. For the dry form there is no injection, and management is about slowing progression: stopping smoking (the single largest modifiable risk factor), diet, UV protection, blood pressure control, and for some people a specific antioxidant supplement formulation. We will tell you honestly whether the evidence supports supplements in your particular case, because for early dry AMD it often does not.
How many years does it take to go blind with macular degeneration?
Most people with AMD never go blind in the everyday sense. AMD affects central vision and leaves peripheral vision intact, so even advanced disease usually leaves people able to move about independently while losing reading and face recognition. Dry AMD typically progresses slowly over years. Wet AMD can change vision within weeks, which is why any sudden distortion is urgent. Putting a number on it for an individual is not something anyone can honestly do.
What should I not do if I have macular degeneration?
Do not smoke — it is the strongest modifiable risk factor by a distance. Do not ignore new distortion or a new blur while waiting for a scheduled appointment. And do not stop checking each eye separately: the better eye compensates so effectively that people miss significant change in the other. Use an Amsler grid at home, one eye at a time, and tell us if it changes.
Does macular degeneration run in families?
Yes, substantially. Having a parent or sibling with AMD raises your own risk considerably, and genetics account for a large share of that risk. This is where genetic risk scoring is genuinely informative rather than merely interesting.
SightScore genetic risk testing
We offer SightScore from Seonix Bio, a clinical polygenic risk score service covering both age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. It is a saliva sample analysed for millions of genetic variants, and it estimates your genetic risk relative to others in the community with similar ancestry. Results take about four to six weeks. The sample is processed in a laboratory accredited by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), Australia’s accreditation body for medical testing laboratories.
Why it is relevant to AMD in particular. Genetics account for a large share of AMD risk, and family history is one of the strongest predictors we have. But a family history is a blunt instrument — it tells you about your relatives, not about which variants you personally inherited. A polygenic score is specific to you, and where it places you in a higher risk band it changes how often we image your macula and how early we act on change.
Cost: $422 (AU$349 at current exchange rates). It is not covered by private health insurance, and the New Zealand figure moves with the exchange rate. Note that the lower-priced Seonix test, which Rose publishes from $250, covers glaucoma only — there is no cheaper equivalent for AMD, so the AMD test is $422.
What it does not do — and we would rather you knew before paying for it:
- It does not diagnose anything. It estimates risk.
- Each test covers one condition. SightScore AMD estimates risk for age-related macular degeneration; the glaucoma test is separate and covers primary open angle glaucoma only.
- It does not account for age, family history, smoking or other environmental factors, and it does not test for rare single-gene variants. Those stay part of clinical assessment — and for AMD, smoking remains the largest modifiable risk factor whatever your score says.
- A high score is not destiny and a low score is not a guarantee. It shifts probabilities, not outcomes.
- It has been validated most extensively in people of European ancestry, as most polygenic scores have been. Results may be less accurate for people of non-European ancestry — which in New Zealand matters, and we will say so plainly rather than bury it.
One thing worth knowing about insurance. Genetic results can affect some cover, particularly life insurance. A moratorium currently applies, so results cannot be used in applications up to $500,000 for death and total permanent disability, $200,000 for trauma, and $4,000 a month for income protection. Above those levels the position differs. If you hold or plan to take out cover beyond those amounts, weigh that before testing — we would rather raise it than have you find out afterwards.
Your DNA does not change, so a result stands for life, though what it means for you shifts as your clinical picture does.
Ask us whether it would add anything useful in your case — alongside the things that matter regardless of genetics: not smoking, checking each eye separately with an Amsler grid, and reporting new distortion promptly rather than waiting for your next appointment. For the glaucoma test, see our glaucoma page.
Macular assessment in Hamilton
Book a full eye examination (new patients) or an existing patient examination. Existing patients due for repeat imaging can book an OCT directly. If your vision has changed suddenly, phone 07 847 3195 rather than booking online.
Rose Optometry, 38 Lake Road, Frankton, Hamilton. 07 847 3195
Reviewed by Jagrut Lallu — BOptom (Hons), MSc Specialty Lenses (Hons), FIAOMC. Therapeutic Optometrist & Contact Lens Specialist, Partner, Rose Optometry. Last reviewed August 2026.
This page is general information, not individual clinical advice. Please book an examination so we can advise on your eyes.
Related reading
Frequently asked questions
At Rose, a standard adult eye examination is $129. A new patient appointment takes 45 minutes, and imaging and a full pre-examination workup are included in that price rather than added afterwards. Children and school students are $79, tertiary students $99, and an acute appointment for a sudden problem — a red eye, a foreign body, a sudden change in vision — is $69. Where further testing is needed it is quoted before it is done: visual fields $69, macular OCT $69, full OCT $194, anterior segment OCT $39, corneal topography $59, optical biometry $49, cycloplegic refraction $59. Specialist appointments are priced separately. A keratoconus consultation is $139 for 30 minutes or $169 for 45. An ortho-k consultation is $129. A full dry eye evaluation, which produces a written treatment plan, is $247 — it assumes a current full eye examination, either with us ($129) or a full examination record from another practice within the last six months. Fees elsewhere in New Zealand vary widely, and a lower advertised price usually means a shorter appointment with imaging charged as an extra or not offered at all. It is worth comparing what is included rather than the headline number. Ring us on 07 847 3195 if you want the fee for your situation confirmed before you book.
No practice can honestly claim that, and you should be wary of any that does — "best" depends entirely on what your eyes need. If your eyes are straightforward, several good practices in Hamilton will look after you well, and we would rather say that than pretend otherwise. What separates practices is what they can measure, and what they can treat when things are not straightforward. Rose was built around the complicated end. The Rose K lens for keratoconus was designed in this practice, and lenses of that family are, on the manufacturer's figures, among the most widely prescribed in the world for the irregular cornea. We hold swept-source OCT, corneal tomography, epithelial thickness mapping, two independent optical biometers for monitoring a child's short-sightedness, and objective tear film assessment. For dry eye we hold intense regulated pulsed light, LipiFlow, Blephasteam, Tixel and Rexon-Eye — to the best of our knowledge no other practice in New Zealand has all of these under one roof. A better question than "who is best" is "who is set up for what I have". Ask any practice you are considering how long the appointment is, what they can measure, and whether imaging is included or extra. Those answers will tell you more than a ranking would.
Not usually as a full examination, but there are genuinely free and subsidised pathways worth knowing about. Pre-school children are screened free through the B4 School Check, and there is vision screening in schools. Both are screenings rather than eye examinations — they are designed to catch obvious reduced vision and they miss a great deal, including focusing problems and early short-sightedness. A child who passes a screening can still need glasses. Children under 16 whose family holds a Community Services Card, or who hold a current High Use Health Card, may be eligible for the government spectacle subsidy towards an examination and glasses. MSD criteria apply, and we accept MSD and WINZ payment cards. Southern Cross members can use their optical benefits with us, and we offer Afterpay, Genoapay, QCard and GoCardless. We also run two free 15-minute chats. The myopia chat is for parents of a short-sighted child who want the options explained and want help deciding what is actually right for their family, with our experience behind that decision rather than a brochure. The ortho-k chat is for anyone considering overnight lenses who wants to understand what is involved before committing. Neither is an eye examination, but both are a proper conversation with someone who does this work. If cost is the reason you have been putting off having your eyes checked, ring us on 07 847 3195 and say so. We would rather find a way than have you not come.
While payment is generally required on the day of appointment, we do offer a number of payment options including Afterpay, Genoapay, QCard, and GoCardless.
No. We are closed on public holidays and long weekends as we believe our staff should have the chance to enjoy this time with friends and family.
If your eyes are straightforward, almost any good optometrist can look after you well, and we would rather say that than pretend otherwise. Come to us when something is not straightforward: a prescription that will not settle, a cornea that has changed shape, a child whose short-sightedness is moving faster than it should, an eye surface that has stopped being comfortable, or a diagnosis you have been given but do not understand. Those problems are decided by measurement, and measuring them properly needs instruments most practices do not have.
Yes, and you do not need to justify it. A second opinion is not a criticism of whoever saw you first — very often they were right, and what you actually needed was the finding explained and the numbers put in front of you. What we can add is measurement. We can image the layers of your cornea and retina, map the epithelium, quantify how far your cornea sits from normal, measure the length of your eye and check your tear film objectively. That turns “something is not right” into a number, and a number either explains the problem or rules it out. Bring any previous scans, prescriptions and letters. Comparison against your own past results is often the most valuable thing in the room.
Usually. Complex is what this practice was built around — keratoconus, corneal grafts, irregular corneas after surgery or injury, severe dry eye, high prescriptions, and eyes that have been told they are not fittable with contact lenses. The Rose K lens for keratoconus was designed in this practice, and lenses of that family are, on the manufacturer's figures, among the most widely prescribed in the world for the irregular cornea. If we cannot help, we will tell you at the first appointment and tell you who can, rather than taking you through a course of treatment that was never going to work.
Waiting is the one thing that cannot be undone. Short-sightedness is axial — the eye is physically growing too long — and that length does not come back. What treatment does is slow the rate of growth, so the earlier it starts the more length is saved. We measure axial length directly on two independent biometers and plot it against normal growth curves, which means we can see a child drifting off their expected curve before the prescription changes. There is a free 15-minute myopia chat if you want to understand the options before committing to anything. It is worth being precise about what we are all trying to achieve. Myopia control does not stop a child's eyes changing and no practice should tell a parent it will. What it does, reliably and across many published trials, is slow the rate at which the eye lengthens — and because the risk of retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy and glaucoma in later life rises with every extra millimetre, slowing that growth is how a child is kept out of the range where sight is genuinely at risk. After seventeen years of focusing on this, we are now seeing children on customised plans whose axial length is not progressing at all over a monitoring period, and in some cases measurements that come back slightly shorter than the ones before them. That is our own clinical observation in our own patients rather than a trial result, and it has to be read carefully, because the choroid thickens when treatment is working and part of an apparent reduction can be that thickening rather than the eye itself shortening. That is precisely why we measure both. We are not yet able to tell a parent that we can stop myopia in its tracks, and we will not say it until we can.
Two things: we measure it before treating it, and we hold every current treatment technology in one building. Most dry eye is treated on the basis of symptoms, which is why drops so often fail. A tear film can be failing because the oil layer is blocked, because the water layer is short, because the surface is inflamed, or because the lids are the problem, and those need different treatments. We assess the tear film objectively with TearCheck — tear film stability, the oil layer, lid and gland imaging, and an inflammation measure — and measure tear osmolarity, the saltiness of the tears, which is the closest thing to a laboratory number for dry eye. Then we treat the cause. Rose holds intense regulated pulsed light for inflammation and gland function, LipiFlow thermal pulsation to clear blocked meibomian glands from the inner lid surface, Blephasteam controlled-humidity warming, Tixel thermomechanical treatment for the lids, and Rexon-Eye quantum molecular resonance for the more severe and treatment-resistant cases. At the time of writing, and to the best of our knowledge, no other optometrist or ophthalmologist in New Zealand has all of these available under one roof. We say that as a statement of fact rather than a boast, and we would be glad for it to stop being true. Dry eye is one of the most common and most under-treated conditions we see, and there are far more people living with it than one practice can look after. Any practice wanting to build this kind of service has our encouragement and our help — please contact us for co-management, and send us the cases you are not yet set up for. Why holding all of them matters is simple. A practice with one dry eye machine will offer you that machine. Holding all of them means the assessment decides the treatment, rather than the equipment deciding it — and when the first approach does not work, the next one is in the next room rather than in another city.
Yes — from around six weeks of age. Babies and toddlers are tested with Cardiff acuity cards and retinoscopy, neither of which needs the child to read a letter, name a picture or say a word. Most of the findings that matter in a young child cause no symptoms and are invisible to a parent, which is exactly why they need looking for.
In NZ an optometrist can calculate the prescription for glasses, fit contact lenses, diagnose and treat eye conditions and infections with medication. They can also manage ocular injuries including removing foreign objects. If surgery or specialist treatment is required they can refer to an ophthalmologist (eye surgeon), hospital, or other health care specialist. NZ-trained optometrists must complete a 5-year degree at the University of Auckland before becoming registered.
A dispensing optician has formal training in optical dispensing. They are qualified to help a client choose frames, read a prescription, discuss lens options, take measurements, order and fit glasses.
An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who has specialised in the treatment of serious eye disease and ocular surgery such as cataract removal. They do not typically prescribe glasses or contact lenses.
Not always, and the difference is usually time and instruments rather than the optometrist. A low advertised fee generally buys a shorter appointment aimed at producing a spectacle prescription. That is a legitimate service and for many people it is enough. What it often does not include is retinal imaging, OCT scanning of the optic nerve and macula, measurement of eye length, or objective assessment of the tear film — the tests that find glaucoma before you notice it, detect macular change early, monitor a child's short-sightedness properly, or explain why your eyes feel gritty. At Rose a new patient appointment is 45 minutes, and imaging and the full pre-examination workup sit inside the $129 rather than on top of it. We are not the cheapest and do not try to be. Whichever practice you choose, three questions are worth asking: how long is the appointment, is imaging included or charged separately, and what happens to the images afterwards. A scan that is taken and kept becomes the baseline every future scan is compared against, and that comparison is frequently worth more than any single result.
Start with an optometrist in almost every case. An optometrist is your first point of contact for eye health and vision — examining the eyes, prescribing glasses and contact lenses, diagnosing eye disease, and in New Zealand treating many conditions with prescription medicines. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor and eye surgeon who treats serious disease and performs surgery such as cataract removal, and who does not usually prescribe glasses or contact lenses. Neither is better than the other; they do different jobs. Most eye problems are diagnosed and managed by an optometrist, and where surgery or specialist medical treatment is needed we refer you promptly and stay involved in your care. The exception is anything sudden and severe: sudden loss of vision, a curtain across your vision, severe eye pain with a red eye, or a shower of new floaters and flashes. Phone us on 07 847 3195 rather than booking online — a person, not a calendar, decides how quickly you are seen — or go to hospital.
We are at 38 Lake Road in Frankton, with parking on site, a few minutes from the city centre and straightforward to reach from the western side of Hamilton. Our patients come from right across the city — Frankton, Dinsdale, Nawton, Te Rapa, Glenview, Hamilton East, Hillcrest, Chartwell, Rototuna and the central city — and from across the wider Waikato, including Cambridge, Te Awamutu, Morrinsville, Matamata, Huntly, Ngaruawahia, Otorohanga and Raglan. Because much of what we do is specialist work, a good number travel considerably further. We regularly see patients from Auckland, Tauranga, Rotorua, Taupo, Taranaki and the lower North Island for keratoconus, scleral and custom contact lens fitting, and complex dry eye — and we see patients from overseas who combine treatment with a trip. If you are travelling a distance, tell us when you book and we will group your appointments so the journey is worth making.
Forty-five minutes for a new patient, and the appointment is built so the measuring is done before you sit down with the optometrist. A full pre-examination workup and imaging are included in the fee rather than charged on top: assessment of your vision and prescription, examination of the front and back of the eye, eye pressure, and retinal imaging that becomes your permanent baseline. You will leave knowing what we found, what it means, and what — if anything — needs doing. If the honest answer is that nothing needs doing, that is what you will hear. If something needs watching or treating, you get a clear plan and a review date. Where a specific problem needs a specific test — visual fields, OCT, corneal topography, eye length measurement — those are quoted to you before they are done, never added afterwards without your agreement. Existing patients returning for a routine examination are booked for 30 minutes. Please arrive ten minutes early, and bring your current glasses or contact lenses, any recent prescription or referral letter, and a note of the medications you take, because some affect the eyes.
Yes. We keep acute appointments for sudden problems — a red or painful eye, something in the eye, a sudden change in vision, new flashes or floaters — and we see you the same day wherever we can. An acute appointment is $69. Phone first, on 07 847 3195, rather than booking online. A two-minute call establishes whether you need us or the hospital, and a person, not a calendar, decides how quickly you are seen. Any Hamilton optometrist can be phoned for a same-day problem. If we cannot fit you in, we will tell you straight away so you can try the next nearest practice rather than wait. Some things should not wait for an appointment at all. For a chemical splash, rinse the eye with clean water straight away and keep rinsing, then go to the hospital emergency department. For sudden loss of vision, a curtain or shadow across your vision, a penetrating injury, or severe eye pain with a red eye, phone us immediately during opening hours; outside our hours, go to the Waikato Hospital emergency department or call Healthline on 0800 611 116 for advice. You do not need to be an existing patient, and you do not need a referral.
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